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Location: Harvest, Alabama
Ships to: US,
Item: 226369092460

Return shipping will be paid by:Seller
All returns accepted:Returns Accepted
Item must be returned within:30 Days
Refund will be given as:Money Back
Composition:Billon
Provenance:Ownership History Not Available
Certification Number:6157721-451
Grade:AU 58
Ruler:Constantius II
Certification:NGC
Date:337-361 AD
Denomination:Nummus
Historical Period:Roman: Imperial (27 BC-476 AD)
Cleaned/Uncleaned:Uncleaned
Year:337 AD
Era:Ancient
Country/Region of Manufacture:Italy

Roman Empire Constantius II AE4 Nummus (337-361 AD) – NGC AU! Nice Strike! Constantius II ruled the Roman Empire between 337-361 CE. He was the second son of Constantine the Great and Fausta. Constantius was a devout follower of Arianism Christianity. Ruling for 24 years, he was the longest reigning son of Constantine and therefore, arguably, the most successful. Early LifeAmmianus Marcellinus records his life and reign in great detail. However, the hostility of the historian has forever marred the reputation of this successful emperor, recording that his reign was plagued by imperial insecurity, court intrigue and an inability to solve widespread religious controversies. Constantius was responsible for the slaughter of his cousins and uncles, of Theodora’s line during the great massacre of 337 CE. Such a slaughter within the imperial family itself was unprecedented. Murdering his relatives (such as Dalmatius, Hannibalianus and Julius Constantius), whom he saw as challengers to his and his brothers’ ascensions to the throne, Constantius secured his own position within the Empire. The only two male members of this line of the imperial family to survive were Gallus and Julian. Thus, after this slaughter and the division of the empire between Constantine’s sons, Constantius was able to secure the most prestigious and wealthiest provinces in the east for himself, and perhaps more importantly; Constantinople – the new capital of the Roman Empire. Eventually, after the death of his brothers; Constantine II and Constans, he became sole ruler of the Roman Empire. However, learning the lessons from Diocletian and Constantine the Great he realised that to rule and secure the empire on his own was impossible, thus throughout his reign he subsequently promoted his only surviving male relatives, Gallus and later Julian as his Caesars. Defending the EmpireThe main criticism levelled at Constantius was his cautious and defensive foreign policy. This is understandable given that most Roman contemporaries, even in the Later Roman Empire, were still obsessed with the idea of conquest and expansion. Yet this defensive policy safeguarded the frontiers of the empire against the Sassanian Empire – which was resurgent during the reign of the ambitious and skilful Shapur II – and the increased threat of the Germanic tribes in the west. His policy was also extremely important in protecting and conserving Rome’s limited manpower strength. The vicious cycle of usurpation, civil war and dynastic murder had led to wider imperial insecurity and vulnerability, making aggressive foreign campaigns ever more dangerous and unwise. The civil wars that had wrecked the empire were particularly damaging and always proved a huge drain on Roman manpower. For example, during Constantine’s conflict with Magnentius, his brothers’ murderer, Constantius lost 40% of his men while his rival’s army suffered a loss of 2/3. Therefore, although Constantius’ foreign policy of defence and containment received a lot of criticism it proved a lot more effective than an aggressive policy would have done and indeed it actually formed the precedent for the later overall strategy of the Roman Empire. Constantius was especially skilled at cementing the internal stability of the Empire – a fact that is often overlooked considering the bloody civil wars and unrest that had previously threatened the empire. During his reign he faced many varied internal threats and challengers. These included; 1) Vertranio: who had briefly been proclaimed by the Danube legions, was quickly disposed of2) Magnentius: survived three years of war with his brothers’ killer. Finally defeated him at the battle of Mons Seleuci. (later proscribed the followers of Magnentius [Amm. Marc. 14.5.2-5])3) Silvanus: the Frankish-born general was disposed of through a trick [Amm.Marc. 15.5.3-31]4) Caesar Gallus: who was suspected of insubordination and was quickly checked and done away with.5) Caesar Julian: openly rebelled against Constantius and succeeded – mainly because Constantius died before he could give battle. It is important to note that Constantius II was the first ever Roman Emperor to publically and monumentally celebrate victory in a civil war [Amm.Marc. 21.16.14]. This was a completely new and unprecedented move by a Roman Emperor, especially when one considers that in the early empire Octavian changed his name to Augustus in order to actively distance himself from civil conflict. Constantius’ decision to do this underlines the fact that the ability to protect against internal threats was now a major prerequisite of being a successful emperor during the Later Roman Empire. Ammianus criticises Constantius throughout his narrative for his paranoia and his susceptibility to court intrigue and scheming courtiers. The historian states that this paranoia created a culture of suspicion and fear in Rome [Amm.Marc.21.16.8-9 & 21.6.1-3 & 8-10]. However, given all the schemes and plots against him his suspicions seem highly justified – indeed if more Roman Emperors had been so ‘paranoid’ perhaps fewer would have fell victim to palace coups and military rebellions. Constantinople & RelgionGiven that Constantius was the longest living and most documented of the sons of Constantine it is in his reign that we can best see how the reforms introduced earlier by Constantine the Great developed and worked. This is especially true for the reign of Constantius as he did not change much himself but instead chose to continue with the administrative systems set in place by his father. For example, he ensured the distinction between military and civil posts. During his reign Constantinople increased in importance becoming more clearly recognisable as an equal to the Eternal City; Rome. Under Constantius the city increasingly became the centre of the Empire. He was the patron of many important building projects in the city; granaries, Horrea Constantia, bath houses and a library. In addition, the Church of the Holy Apostles was remodelled and improvements were made to the water supply. Indeed after his work in the city the orator Themistius (Oration 3) stated that Constantinople was now no longer a second city but a true rival to Rome itself. Constantius also furthered the religious policies of the Constantinian Dynasty. With the Edict of 365 CE he ordered the closure of all pagan temples, forbade access to them and prohibited the performance of sacrifice both private and public; stating that those who disobeyed were to be executed [Cod. Theod. 16.10.4]. Laws such as this and others were specifically designed to break the power and institution of temples in pagan religious practice. Temples were central to almost every activity in paganism, acting as sites of celebration of the cults. Therefore, Constantius’ policies were evidently a direct attack on paganism. The Emperor also had the famous statue of Victory removed from the Senate house in Rome as he believed no Christian should have to work in the shadow of a pagan monument. However, other practices were allowed to remain such as the burning of incense and candles which would, interestingly, later be adopted by Christianity. Constantius died of an illness in 361 CE while marching to do battle with his Caesar, Julian, who had rebelled and claimed the title of Augustus. Please Check out Our Web Site : antebellumnumismatics. com where you can see many new purchases and other listings. Please reach out to us if you have any questions about any listings you see. *Combined Shipping Available ON ALL Items, Request an Invoice or we will send you one after one business day. Items over 16 oz. or $750 in value must be shipped Priority Mail with Signature Confirmation in order to be Fully Insured. Payment on all items is expected within Five Business Days to ensure a timely delivery. Please contact us directly if you need more than Five Business Days to send payment. ALL Precious Metals tested with our own Sigma Metalytics Precious Metal Tester and guaranteed genuine. We Offer A 30-Day No-Questions-Asked Return Policy on Most* items to all our customers! Please message us if you have any questions about our items and we are happy to answer them, as returns can be an inconvenience to both parties. The only exception is when items are damaged, tampered with, or removed from holders. All Bullion or Silver Sales are final as market conditions are constantly changing. Please check out our other listings! We have auctions almost every week so make sure to follow us! Follow our owner on Instagram as well at… antebellum.numismatics … to see things we buy and are passionate about. At Antebellum Numismatics LLC we try to offer a wide variety of items including graded and ungraded coins from modern to bust series, paper currency, obsolete and confederate currency, exonumia such as civil war and hard times tokens, world coins such as thalers and numismatic medals, and we are always listing interesting items as well as many rare key dates. And many other interesting items like shipwreck recovered coins and Ancient coins. Feedback is crucial to us here on EBAY and we kindly ask you to contact us if there are any unforeseen issues before leaving negative feedback and we will be happy to resolve them with you. We pride ourselves on having outstanding customer service. Shipping is by USPS Ground Advantage/First Class unless package is Fragile or Over $750. All packages over $750 will be sent Priority Mail with Signature in order to be fully insured. Our Insurance Provider is Ship&Insure Inc. All orders will be filled in one business day and shipped out either same business day or the following. International Shipping is through Ebay’s Global Shipping Program by default, which may get expensive in some foreign countries. International Shipping is also through USPS First Class International Package Service or Priority Mail depending on the value. If items are shipped internationally it is the Buyer’s Responsibility to pay any import duties or taxes. Coin grading is subjective and all coins can be interpreted differently, so we try to post very large, up close shots of each item we list. And remember to buy the coin and not the holder! Be sure to take a close look and come up with your own opinion! All ungraded coins we offer are authentic and genuine as we ONLY buy from reputable dealers and shows, if there are any discrepancies, we are happy to address them and always offer our 30-Day return policy to all our buyers. We are a family-owned small business and appreciate your business and feedback.

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